Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oil and extracts contain powerful bioactive compounds—primarily 1,8-cineole and α-terpinyl acetate—that exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties.
These bioactives are increasingly studied for sustainable agricultural applications, including post-harvest protection, pest control, and seed germination enhancement in tomato crops
Effect of plant extracts on important fungal pathogens and germination of tomato seed
Geraldin M.W. Lengai, James W. Muthomi, Ernest R. Mbega (2021), IJB, V18, N4, April, P77-92
https://innspub.net/effect-of-plant-extracts-on-important-fungal-pathogens-and-germination-of-tomato-seed/
This study evaluated the antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts from seven spices—clove, cinnamon, black pepper, turmeric, ginger, cardamom, and lemongrass—against tomato pathogens (Pythium, Alternaria solani, and Fusarium oxysporum). Extracts were tested at 10–40% concentrations and also assessed for their impact on tomato seed germination. Clove, turmeric, ginger, and black pepper showed strong antifungal effects (up to 81% inhibition), with Pythium being the most sensitive. Seed germination was highest (up to 99%) in treatments with 30–40% diluted lemongrass, black pepper, cardamom, turmeric, and cinnamon. The study supports using spice extracts—especially clove, black pepper, and ginger—as natural antifungal agents and seed treatments for tomato cultivation.
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This study evaluated the antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts from seven spices—clove, cinnamon, black pepper, turmeric, ginger, cardamom, and lemongrass—against tomato pathogens (Pythium, Alternaria solani, and Fusarium oxysporum). Extracts were tested at 10–40% concentrations and also assessed for their impact on tomato seed germination. Clove, turmeric, ginger, and black pepper showed strong antifungal effects (up to 81% inhibition), with Pythium being the most sensitive. Seed germination was highest (up to 99%) in treatments with 30–40% diluted lemongrass, black pepper, cardamom, turmeric, and cinnamon. The study supports using spice extracts—especially clove, black pepper, and ginger—as natural antifungal agents and seed treatments for tomato cultivation.
Changes in Tomato Metabolism by Applying 1,8-Cineole
González López, Luis Alberto & Torres, Fernando & Quinones, Wiston. (2015). Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology. 07. 10.4172/1948-5948.1000233.
Exposure of unripe tomato fruits to 1,8-cineole vapors modifies several biochemical processes involving f lavonoids and lycopene levels; respect to normal ripening fruit, flavonoid concentration is hardly modified whereas i lycopene production was delayed after 120 h of exposure. On the other hand, a ripening deferred is observed in fruits treated with this essential oil. Additionally, biotransformation of 1,8-cineole to 2-hydroxy derivative is detected
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Exposure of unripe tomato fruits to 1,8-cineole vapors modifies several biochemical processes involving f lavonoids and lycopene levels; respect to normal ripening fruit, flavonoid concentration is hardly modified whereas i lycopene production was delayed after 120 h of exposure. On the other hand, a ripening deferred is observed in fruits treated with this essential oil. Additionally, biotransformation of 1,8-cineole to 2-hydroxy derivative is detected
Carboxymethyl cellulose and cardamom oil in a nanoemulsion edible coating inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens and extend the shelf life of tomatoes
Sudip Kumar Das, Kumari Vishakha, Shatabdi Das, Debkumar Chakraborty, Arnab Ganguli,
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology,
Volume 42,
2022,
102369,
ISSN 1878-8181,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102369.
A nanoemulsion edible coating made from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and cardamom essential oil (CEO) showed good physical properties and strong antibacterial activity, with MICs around 10% against E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes. It reduced biofilm formation and prevented spoilage by lowering microbial load. When applied to tomatoes, it reduced weight loss, preserved firmness, and slowed ripening over 15 days by enhancing antioxidant enzyme levels. This CMC-CEO nanoemulsion effectively extended the shelf life of tomatoes stored at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C).
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A nanoemulsion edible coating made from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and cardamom essential oil (CEO) showed good physical properties and strong antibacterial activity, with MICs around 10% against E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes. It reduced biofilm formation and prevented spoilage by lowering microbial load. When applied to tomatoes, it reduced weight loss, preserved firmness, and slowed ripening over 15 days by enhancing antioxidant enzyme levels. This CMC-CEO nanoemulsion effectively extended the shelf life of tomatoes stored at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C).
Resistance induction and nematicidal activity of certain monoterpenes against tomato root-knot caused by Meloidogyne incognita
Elsharkawy MM, Al-Askar AA, Behiry SI, Abdelkhalek A, Saleem MH, Kamran M, Derbalah A. Front Plant Sci. 2022 Sep 20;13:982414. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.982414. PMID: 36204064; PMCID: PMC9530745.
This study evaluated four monoterpenes—carvone, cuminaldehyde, linalool, and cineole—for controlling root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomatoes. All compounds showed strong nematicidal activity, with carvone being the most effective. These treatments reduced egg masses, J2 hatching, and root galling, while boosting tomato growth and yield. Additionally, they triggered strong expression of plant defense genes (PR1 and PAL), suggesting their potential as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic nematicides.
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This study evaluated four monoterpenes—carvone, cuminaldehyde, linalool, and cineole—for controlling root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomatoes. All compounds showed strong nematicidal activity, with carvone being the most effective. These treatments reduced egg masses, J2 hatching, and root galling, while boosting tomato growth and yield. Additionally, they triggered strong expression of plant defense genes (PR1 and PAL), suggesting their potential as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic nematicides.
Assessing the Biostimulant Effects of a Novel Plant-Based Formulation on Tomato Crop MDPI
Chrysargyris, A., Charalambous, S., Xylia, P., Litskas, V., Stavrinides, M., & Tzortzakis, N. (2020). Sustainability, 12(20), 8432. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208432
This study assessed the biostimulant effects of an eco-product (EP) containing rosemary and eucalyptus essential oils on tomato plants. Single application (EP-1x) improved plant height, chlorophyll content, and reduced leaf damage. Triple application (EP-3x) increased yield by 36%, but also led to more fruit cracking and reduced leaf nutrients (N, Mg). Total phenols, antioxidant activity, and enzyme levels were influenced by EP use and frequency. Overall, EP showed potential as a natural biostimulant, though further research is needed.
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This study assessed the biostimulant effects of an eco-product (EP) containing rosemary and eucalyptus essential oils on tomato plants. Single application (EP-1x) improved plant height, chlorophyll content, and reduced leaf damage. Triple application (EP-3x) increased yield by 36%, but also led to more fruit cracking and reduced leaf nutrients (N, Mg). Total phenols, antioxidant activity, and enzyme levels were influenced by EP use and frequency. Overall, EP showed potential as a natural biostimulant, though further research is needed.
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